Agreement between a web collaborative dataset and an administrative dataset to assess the retail food environment in Mexico.

BACKGROUND: Latin American countries are often limited in the availability of food outlet data. There is a need to use online search engines that allow the identification of food outlets and assess their agreement with field observations. We aimed to assess the agreement in the density of food outlets provided by a web collaborative data (Google) against the density obtained from an administrative registry. We also determined whether the agreement differed by type of food outlet and by area-level socioeconomic deprivation. METHODS: In this cross-sectional study, we analyzed 1,693 census tracts from the municipalities of Hermosillo, Leon, Oaxaca de Juarez, and Tlalpan. The Google service was used to develop a tool for the automatic acquisition of food outlet data. To assess agreement, we compared food outlet densities obtained with Google against those registered in the National Statistical Directory of Economic Units (DENUE). Continuous densities were assessed using Bland-Altman plots and concordance correlation coefficient (CCC), while agreement across tertiles of density was estimated using weighted kappa. RESULTS: The CCC indicated a strong correlation between Google and DENUE in the overall sample (0.75); by food outlet, most of the correlations were from negligible (0.08) to moderate (0.58). The CCC showed a weaker correlation as deprivation increased. Weighted kappa indicated substantial agreement between Google and DENUE across all census tracts (0.64). By type of food outlet, the weighted kappa showed substantial agreement for restaurants (0.69) and specialty food stores (0.68); the agreement was moderate for convenience stores/small food retail stores (0.49) and fair for candy/ice cream stores (0.30). Weighted kappa indicated substantial agreement in low-deprivation areas (0.63); in very high-deprivation areas, the agreement was moderate (0.42). CONCLUSIONS: Google could be useful in assessing fixed food outlet densities as a categorical indicator, especially for some establishments, like specialty food stores and restaurants. The data could also be informative of the availability of fixed food outlets, particularly in less deprived areas.

[Spatial analysis of maternal morbidity and mortality in users of the Brazilian Unified National Health System in the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2014-2016]. / Análise espacial da morbimortalidade materna em usuárias do Sistema Único de Saúde no Município do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, 2014-2016.

The objective of this study is to analyze the maternal morbidity and mortality of women treated in hospitals of the Brazilian Unified National Health System (SUS) in the city of Rio de Janeiro in the period 2014-2016. An ecological study was conducted using data from the Brazilian Information System on Live Birth (SINASC), the Brazilian Mortality Information System (SIM), and the Brazilian Hospital Information System (SIH/SUS). For the analysis of the maternal mortality ratio (MMR), data from the SIM were used. For the analysis of maternal morbidity, World Health Organization criteria were used to estimate the ratios of maternal near miss and potentially life-threatening conditions. SINASC was used to retrieve data on the number of live births, for demographic characterization, social aspects, and access to prenatal care. To evaluate the spatial association between the indicators MMR, ratios of maternal near miss, and potentially life-threatening conditions and the demographic, social, obstetric, and access indicators, obtained from SINASC, the bivariate Moran Index was estimated with a significance level of 0.05, using the GeoDa program. In the period analyzed, the MMR in the Rio de Janeiro was 94.16/100,000 live births, the ratio of maternal near miss was 28.21/1,000 live births, and the potentially life-threatening conditions was 34.31/1,000 live births. Cases of potentially life-threatening conditions were used for the first time in this study and presented diagnoses and procedures during hospitalization more consistent with the maternal mortality profile in the city of Rio de Janeiro. There was a significant association between MMR and percentage of live births in SUS, potentially life-threatening conditions and percentage of live births in SUS, and potentially life-threatening conditions and being single.

O objetivo deste estudo é analisar a morbimortalidade materna de mulheres atendidas em hospitais do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) no Município do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, no período de 2014 a 2016. Foi realizado estudo ecológico, por meio da coleta de dados do Sistema de Informações sobre Nascidos Vivos (SINASC), Sistema de Informação sobre Mortalidade (SIM) e Sistema de Informações Hospitalares (SIH/SUS). Para analisar a razão de mortalidade materna (RMM), foram utilizados dados do SIM. Para investigar a morbidade materna, adotaram-se critérios da Organização Mundial da Saúde para estimar as razões de near miss materno e de condições potencialmente ameaçadoras à vida. Dados do SINASC foram usados para número de nascidos vivos e caracterização demográfica, social e de acesso a serviço de pré-natal. Para avaliar a associação espacial entre os indicadores RMM, razões de near miss materno e condições potencialmente ameaçadoras à vida e os indicadores demográficos, sociais, obstétricos e de acesso obtidos no SINASC, foi calculado o índice de Moran bivariado com nível de 0,05 de significância, por meio do programa GeoDa. No período analisado, a RMM no Município do Rio de Janeiro foi de 94,16/100 mil nascidos vivos, a razão de near miss materno de 28,21/1.000 nascidos vivos e a razão de condições potencialmente ameaçadoras à vida de 34,31/1.000 nascidos vivos. Casos de condições potencialmente ameaçadoras à vida foram utilizados pela primeira vez neste estudo e apresentaram diagnósticos de internação e procedimentos realizados mais condizentes com o perfil de mortalidade materna no Município do Rio de Janeiro. Houve associação significativa entre RMM e percentual de nascidos vivos no SUS, razão de condições potencialmente ameaçadoras à vida e percentual de nascidos vivos no SUS e razão de condições potencialmente ameaçadoras à vida e ser solteira.

El objetivo de este estudio es analizar la morbimortalidad materna de las mujeres atendidas en hospitales del Sistema Único de Salud (SUS) del municipio de Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, en el período 2014-2016. Fue realizado un estudio ecológico, por medio del uso de datos del Sistema de Información sobre Nacidos Vivos (SINASC), Sistema de Información sobre Mortalidad (SIM) y del Sistema de Información Hospitalaria (SIH/SUS). Para el análisis de la razón de mortalidad materna (RMM) se utilizaron los datos SIM. Para el análisis de la morbilidad materna se utilizaron los criterios de la Organización Mundial de la Salud para estimar las razón de near miss materno y de condiciones potencialmente amenazantes a la vida. Para el número de nacidos vivos y la información demográfica, social y de acceso al servicio de atención prenatal fueron utilizados datos del SINASC. Para evaluar la asociación espacial entre los indicadores RMM, razon de near miss materno y razon de condiciones potencialmente amenazantes a la vida y los indicadores demográficos, sociales, obstétricos y de accesos obtenidos en el SINASC fue calculado el Índice de Moran bivariado con nivel de 0,05 de significación, usando el programa GeoDa. En el período analizado, la RMM en el municipio de Rio de Janeiro fue de 94,16/100.000 nascidos vivos, la razón de near miss materno de 28,21/1.000 nascidos vivos y la razón de condiciones potencialmente amenazantes a la vida de 34,31/1.000 nascidos vivos. Los casos de condiciones potencialmente amenazantes a la vida se utilizaron por primera vez en este estudio y presentaron diagnósticos de hospitalización y procedimientos realizados más acordes con el perfil de mortalidad materna en el Municipio de Rio de Janeiro Hubo una asociación significativa entre RMM y el porcentaje de nacidos vivos en el SUS, razón de condiciones potencialmente amenazantes a la vida y el porcentaje de nacidos vivos en el SUS y razón de condiciones potencialmente amenazantes a la vida y ser soltera.

Análise espacial da morbimortalidade materna em usuárias do Sistema Único de Saúde no Município do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, 2014-2016 / Spatial analysis of maternal morbidity and mortality in users of the Brazilian Unified National Health System in the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2014-2016 / Análisis espacial de la morbimortalidad materna en usuarias del Sistema Único de Salud en el municipio de Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, 2014-2016

O objetivo deste estudo é analisar a morbimortalidade materna de mulheres atendidas em hospitais do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) no Município do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, no período de 2014 a 2016. Foi realizado estudo ecológico, por meio da coleta de dados do Sistema de Informações sobre Nascidos Vivos (SINASC), Sistema de Informação sobre Mortalidade (SIM) e Sistema de Informações Hospitalares (SIH/SUS). Para analisar a razão de mortalidade materna (RMM), foram utilizados dados do SIM. Para investigar a morbidade materna, adotaram-se critérios da Organização Mundial da Saúde para estimar as razões de near miss materno e de condições potencialmente ameaçadoras à vida. Dados do SINASC foram usados para número de nascidos vivos e caracterização demográfica, social e de acesso a serviço de pré-natal. Para avaliar a associação espacial entre os indicadores RMM, razões de near miss materno e condições potencialmente ameaçadoras à vida e os indicadores demográficos, sociais, obstétricos e de acesso obtidos no SINASC, foi calculado o índice de Moran bivariado com nível de 0,05 de significância, por meio do programa GeoDa. No período analisado, a RMM no Município do Rio de Janeiro foi de 94,16/100 mil nascidos vivos, a razão de near miss materno de 28,21/1.000 nascidos vivos e a razão de condições potencialmente ameaçadoras à vida de 34,31/1.000 nascidos vivos. Casos de condições potencialmente ameaçadoras à vida foram utilizados pela primeira vez neste estudo e apresentaram diagnósticos de internação e procedimentos realizados mais condizentes com o perfil de mortalidade materna no Município do Rio de Janeiro. Houve associação significativa entre RMM e percentual de nascidos vivos no SUS, razão de condições potencialmente ameaçadoras à vida e percentual de nascidos vivos no SUS e razão de condições potencialmente ameaçadoras à vida e ser solteira.

The objective of this study is to analyze the maternal morbidity and mortality of women treated in hospitals of the Brazilian Unified National Health System (SUS) in the city of Rio de Janeiro in the period 2014-2016. An ecological study was conducted using data from the Brazilian Information System on Live Birth (SINASC), the Brazilian Mortality Information System (SIM), and the Brazilian Hospital Information System (SIH/SUS). For the analysis of the maternal mortality ratio (MMR), data from the SIM were used. For the analysis of maternal morbidity, World Health Organization criteria were used to estimate the ratios of maternal near miss and potentially life-threatening conditions. SINASC was used to retrieve data on the number of live births, for demographic characterization, social aspects, and access to prenatal care. To evaluate the spatial association between the indicators MMR, ratios of maternal near miss, and potentially life-threatening conditions and the demographic, social, obstetric, and access indicators, obtained from SINASC, the bivariate Moran Index was estimated with a significance level of 0.05, using the GeoDa program. In the period analyzed, the MMR in the Rio de Janeiro was 94.16/100,000 live births, the ratio of maternal near miss was 28.21/1,000 live births, and the potentially life-threatening conditions was 34.31/1,000 live births. Cases of potentially life-threatening conditions were used for the first time in this study and presented diagnoses and procedures during hospitalization more consistent with the maternal mortality profile in the city of Rio de Janeiro. There was a significant association between MMR and percentage of live births in SUS, potentially life-threatening conditions and percentage of live births in SUS, and potentially life-threatening conditions and being single.

El objetivo de este estudio es analizar la morbimortalidad materna de las mujeres atendidas en hospitales del Sistema Único de Salud (SUS) del municipio de Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, en el período 2014-2016. Fue realizado un estudio ecológico, por medio del uso de datos del Sistema de Información sobre Nacidos Vivos (SINASC), Sistema de Información sobre Mortalidad (SIM) y del Sistema de Información Hospitalaria (SIH/SUS). Para el análisis de la razón de mortalidad materna (RMM) se utilizaron los datos SIM. Para el análisis de la morbilidad materna se utilizaron los criterios de la Organización Mundial de la Salud para estimar las razón de near miss materno y de condiciones potencialmente amenazantes a la vida. Para el número de nacidos vivos y la información demográfica, social y de acceso al servicio de atención prenatal fueron utilizados datos del SINASC. Para evaluar la asociación espacial entre los indicadores RMM, razon de near miss materno y razon de condiciones potencialmente amenazantes a la vida y los indicadores demográficos, sociales, obstétricos y de accesos obtenidos en el SINASC fue calculado el Índice de Moran bivariado con nivel de 0,05 de significación, usando el programa GeoDa. En el período analizado, la RMM en el municipio de Rio de Janeiro fue de 94,16/100.000 nascidos vivos, la razón de near miss materno de 28,21/1.000 nascidos vivos y la razón de condiciones potencialmente amenazantes a la vida de 34,31/1.000 nascidos vivos. Los casos de condiciones potencialmente amenazantes a la vida se utilizaron por primera vez en este estudio y presentaron diagnósticos de hospitalización y procedimientos realizados más acordes con el perfil de mortalidad materna en el Municipio de Rio de Janeiro Hubo una asociación significativa entre RMM y el porcentaje de nacidos vivos en el SUS, razón de condiciones potencialmente amenazantes a la vida y el porcentaje de nacidos vivos en el SUS y razón de condiciones potencialmente amenazantes a la vida y ser soltera.

Urban landscape and street-design factors associated with road-traffic mortality in Latin America between 2010 and 2016 (SALURBAL): an ecological study.

BACKGROUND: Road-traffic injuries are a key cause of death and disability in low-income and middle-income countries, but the effect of city characteristics on road-traffic mortality is unknown in these countries. The aim of this study was to determine associations between city-level built environment factors and road-traffic mortality in large Latin American cities. METHODS: We selected cities from Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Mexico, Panama, and Peru; cities included in the analysis had a population of at least 100 000 people. We extracted data for road-traffic deaths that occurred between 2010 and 2016 from country vital registries. Deaths were grouped by 5-year age groups and sex. Road-traffic deaths were identified using ICD-10 codes, with adjustments for ill-defined codes and incomplete registration. City-level measures included population, urban development, street design, public transportation, and social environment. Associations were estimated using multilevel negative binomial models with robust variances. FINDINGS: 366 cities were included in the analysis. There were 328 408 road-traffic deaths in nearly 3·5 billion person-years across all countries, with an average crude rate of 17·1 deaths per 100 000 person-years. Nearly half of the people who died were younger than 35 years. In multivariable models, road-traffic mortality was higher in cities where urban development was more isolated (rate ratio [RR] 1·05 per 1 SD increase, 95% CI 1·02-1·09), but lower in cities with higher population density (0·94, 0·90-0·98), higher gross domestic product per capita (0·96, 0·94-0·98), and higher intersection density (0·92, 0·89-0·95). Cities with mass transit had lower road mortality rates than did those without (0·92, 0·86-0·99). INTERPRETATION: Urban development policies that reduce isolated and disconnected urban development and that promote walkable street networks and public transport could be important strategies to reduce road-traffic deaths in Latin America and elsewhere. FUNDING: Wellcome Trust.

Latin American cities with higher socioeconomic status are greening from a lower baseline: evidence from the SALURBAL project.

The characteristics of urban green space have context-dependent associations with socioeconomic status (SES). Latin American cities provide a unique but understudied context to assess the green space-SES associations. We measured the quantity and quality of green space as greenness from satellite-derived Normalized Difference Vegetation Index, and we modeled the relationship between greenness and SES in 371 major Latin American cities between 2000 and 2010. We found that SES was negatively associated with average greenness at city and sub-city scales, which could be explained by urbanization generally improving SES while reducing the provision of green space. About 82% of the cities and 64% of the sub-cities experienced greening or increases in greenness over time. Although with lower average greenness, cities with higher SES had greater greening; however, it was the opposite for sub-cities. We suggest that greening is more likely to take place in peripheral sub-cities where SES tends to be lower. The findings challenge the belief that places with higher SES have better access to environmental resources and amenities; instead, this relationship is context dependent.

Associations of Sociodemographic Factors and Health Behaviors with the Emotional Well-Being of Adolescents during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Brazil.

This cross-sectional study utilizes data from a nationwide web-based survey aimed to identify the factors affecting the emotional well-being of Brazilian adolescents aged 12-17 during the period of school closures and confinement. Data collection took place from 27 June to 17 September 2020. We used the "virtual snowball" sampling method, and students from private and public schools were included. A total of 9470 adolescents were analyzed. A hierarchical logistic regression model was used to find the factors associated with reporting at least two of three self-reported problems-sadness, irritability, and sleep problems. The main proximal factor was loneliness (AdjOR = 8.12 p < 0.001). Problems related to school closures also played an important role. Regular intake of fruits and vegetables, as well as physical activity, demonstrated a positive influence on emotional well-being, while excessive screen time (AdjOR = 2.05, p < 0.001) and alcohol consumption negatively affected outcomes (AdjOR = 1.73, p < 0.001). As for distal variables, less affluent adolescents were the most affected, and males reported fewer emotional problems than females. Uncertainty regarding the disease in a context of socioeconomic vulnerability, together with rises in unhealthy behaviors and isolation from their immediate social circles, have negatively affected adolescents' emotional status throughout the COVID-19 pandemic.

Factors affecting Brazilians' self-rated health during the COVID-19 pandemic.

This is a cross-sectional study investigating the factors affecting brazilians' self-rated health during the COVID-19 pandemic, based on data from the web-based behavior survey. Carried out from April 24 to May 24, 2020, the survey recruited participants by a chain sampling procedure. Its outcome was the worsening of self-rated health during the pandemic. Statistical analysis was based on a hierarchical model of determination. Logistic regression models were used to test the associations between sociodemographic characteristics, pre-existing health conditions, lifestyle indicators and intensity of social restraint measures, and biological and psychological issues during the pandemic. From the total sample of 45,161 participants, 29.4% reported worsening of health state during this period. After adjusting for hierarchical distal factors, the health problems mostly associated with worsening health state were: bad self-rated health (adjusted OR = 4.35, p < 0.001), health care seeking for mental health problem (adjusted OR = 3.95, p < 0.001), and for COVID-19 (adjusted OR = 3.60, p < 0.001). People who experienced sleep problems, worsening of back pain, depression and at least one flu symptom during the pandemic were twice as likely to report worsening of health status. Sedentary and eating behaviors and adherence to social distancing measures showed significant correlation with the outcome. There exists a relation between social, biological, and psychological factors, mediated by lifestyles and variables pertaining to confinement. Altogether, these factors have negatively affected self-rated health during the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil.

ConVid - Behavior Survey by the Internet during the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil: conception and application methodology. / ConVid - Pesquisa de Comportamentos pela Internet durante a pandemia de COVID-19 no Brasil: concepção e metodologia de aplicação.

The ConVid - Behavior Survey was conducted in Brazil from April 24 to May 24, 2020, aiming to investigate changes in lifestyles and health conditions during the COVID-19 pandemic. In this article, we present the conception and methodology of the research. We used a cross-sectional study using an Internet questionnaire, with questions validated in previous health surveys. The sampling method "virtual snowball" was used, as well as post-stratification procedures. The results related to chronic non-communicable diseases and pre-pandemic lifestyles were compared with estimates from the 2013 Brazilian National Health Survey and 2019 Surveillance of Risk and Protective Factors for Chronic Diseases by Telephone Survey. The total sample was 45,161 people. After data weighing, the sample distributions of demographic variables were similar to population variables. Only people with a low schooling level were underrepresented. The comparison with the previous results showed similarity in most estimates: recommended consumption of fruits and vegetables (22.1%), recommended physical activity (35.2%), tobacco smoking habit (12.3%), frequent and abusive alcohol consumption (6.7%), obesity (21.2%), self-reported prevalence of hypertension (18.6%), diabetes (7.1%), and heart disease (4.4%). The online survey made it possible to know the population's health conditions during the pandemic. The similarity of the indicators with those obtained in traditional research allowed the validation of the mean estimates. Studies are needed to investigate how the endogenous effects of virtual social networks can be considered when estimating variance.

A ConVid - Pesquisa de Comportamentos foi realizada no Brasil de 24 de abril a 24 de maio de 2020, com o objetivo de investigar as mudanças nos estilos de vida e nas condições de saúde durante a pandemia de COVID-19. Neste artigo, apresentamos a concepção e metodologia da pesquisa. Estudo de corte transversal com a utilização de um questionário pela Internet, com questões validadas em inquéritos de saúde anteriores. O método de amostragem foi o "bola de neve virtual" e foram usados os procedimentos de pós-estratificação. Os resultados relativos às doenças crônicas não transmissíveis e estilos de vida pré-pandemia foram comparados às estimativas da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde de 2013 e da Vigilância de Fatores de Risco e Proteção para Doenças Crônicas por Inquérito Telefônico de 2019. A amostra total foi de 45.161 pessoas. Após a ponderação dos dados, as distribuições amostrais das variáveis demográficas foram semelhantes às populacionais. Apenas as pessoas de baixo nível de instrução foram sub-representadas. A comparação com os resultados anteriores mostrou similaridade na maioria das estimativas: consumo recomendado de frutas e legumes (22,1%), atividade física recomendada (35,2%), fumo de cigarros (12,3%), consumo frequente e abusivo de álcool (6,7%), obesidade (21,2%), prevalências autorreferidas de hipertensão (18,6%), diabetes (7,1%) e doença do coração (4,4%). O inquérito online possibilitou conhecer as condições de saúde da população durante a pandemia. A similaridade dos indicadores com os obtidos em pesquisas tradicionais permitiu validar as estimativas médias. Estudos são necessários para investigar como os efeitos endógenos das redes sociais virtuais podem ser levados em consideração na estimação da variância.

La ConVid - Encuesta de Comportamientos se realizó en Brasil del 24 de abril al 24 de mayo de 2020, con el objetivo de investigar los cambios en los estilos de vida y en las condiciones de salud durante la pandemia de COVID-19. En este artículo, se presenta la concepción y metodología de la encuesta. Estudio de corte transversal, utilizando un cuestionario por Internet, con cuestiones validadas en encuestas de salud anteriores. El método de muestra fue el de "bola de nieve virtual" y se usaron procedimientos de posestratificación. Los resultados relativos a las enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles y estilos de vida prepandemia se compararon con las estimaciones de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud de 2013 y de la Vigilancia de Factores de Riesgo y Protección para Enfermedades Crónicas por Encuesta Telefónica de 2019. La muestra total fue de 45.161 personas. Tras la ponderación de los datos, las distribuciones de la muestra de las variables demográficas fueron semejantes a las poblacionales. Solamente las personas con un bajo nivel de formación estuvieron sub-representadas. La comparación con los resultados anteriores mostró similitud en la mayoría de las estimaciones: consumo recomendado de frutas y legumbres (22,1%), actividad física recomendada (35,2%), tabaco de liar para cigarrillos (12,3%), consumo frecuente y abusivo de alcohol (6,7%), obesidad (21,2%), prevalencias autoinformadas de hipertensión (18,6%), diabetes (7,1%) y enfermedad del corazón (4,4%). La encuesta online posibilitó conocer las condiciones de salud de la población durante la pandemia. La similitud de los indicadores con los obtenidos en investigaciones tradicionales permitió validar las estimaciones medias. Se necesitan estudios para investigar cómo los efectos endógenos de las redes sociales virtuales pueden ser tenidos en consideración en la estimación de la variancia.

Spatial Patterns in Hospital-Acquired Infections in Portugal (2014-2017).

BACKGROUND: Hospital-Acquired Infections (HAIs) represent the most frequent adverse event associated with healthcare delivery and result in prolonged hospital stays and deaths worldwide. AIM: To analyze the spatial patterns of HAI incidence from 2014 to 2017 in Portugal. METHODS: Data from the Portuguese Discharge Hospital Register were used. We selected episodes of patients with no infection on admission and with any of the following HAI diagnoses: catheter-related bloodstream infections, intestinal infections by Clostridium difficile, nosocomial pneumonia, surgical site infections, and urinary tract infections. We calculated age-standardized hospitalization rates (ASHR) by place of patient residence. We used empirical Bayes estimators to smooth the ASHR. The Moran Index and Local Index of Spatial Autocorrelation (LISA) were calculated to identify spatial clusters. RESULTS: A total of 318,218 HAIs were registered, with men accounting for 49.8% cases. The median length of stay (LOS) was 9.0 days, and 15.7% of patients died during the hospitalization. The peak of HAIs (n = 81,690) occurred in 2015, representing 9.4% of the total hospital admissions. Substantial spatial inequalities were observed, with the center region presenting three times the ASHR of the north. A slight decrease in ASHR was observed after 2015. Pneumonia was the most frequent HAI in all age groups. CONCLUSION: The incidence of HAI is not randomly distributed in the space; clusters of high risk in the central region were seen over the entire study period. These findings may be useful to support healthcare policymakers and to promote a revision of infection control policies, providing insights for improved implementation.

Older adults in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil: effects on health, income and work. / Idosos no contexto da pandemia da COVID-19 no Brasil: efeitos nas condições de saúde, renda e trabalho.

The goal of this study is to characterize the population of older adults in Brazil during the COVID-19 pandemic with regard to health, socioeconomic conditions, gender inequality, adherence to social distancing and feelings of sadness or depression. It is a cross-sectional study carried out with Brazilian older adults who responded to an online health survey (N = 9,173), using a "virtual snowball" sampling method. Data were collected online via a self-administered questionnaire. Prevalence and confidence interval estimates were performed and verified for independence using Pearson's chi-square test. During the pandemic there was a fall in household income among almost half of older adults. Extreme social distancing was practiced by 30.9% (95%CI: 27.8; 34.1) and 12.2% (95%CI: 10.1; 14.7) did not adhere to it. Older adults who were not working before the pandemic adhered in greater numbers to extreme social distancing measures. Most of them presented comorbidities associated with a higher risk of developing the severe form of COVID-19. Feelings of loneliness, distress and sadness were frequent among older adults, especially women. The COVID-19 pandemic widened the inequality gap by affecting the most vulnerable older people. Strategies to mitigate loneliness and social distancing should consider social vulnerability and the marked difference between men and women in terms of household composition and socioeconomic and working conditions. The development of representative surveys of Brazilian older adults is recommended, investigating the impact of the pandemic on this population.

O presente estudo tem o objetivo de caracterizar a população idosa brasileira durante a pandemia de COVID-19, considerando suas condições de saúde, socioeconômicas, desigualdade de sexo, adesão ao distanciamento social e sentimento de tristeza ou depressão. Estudo transversal realizado com idosos brasileiros que participaram de um inquérito de saúde (N = 9.173), com método de amostragem "bola de neve virtual". Os dados foram coletados via web, por meio de questionário autopreenchido. Foram estimadas prevalências, intervalos de confiança e, para verificar a independência das estimativas, utilizou-se o teste qui-quadrado de Pearson. Durante a pandemia, houve diminuição da renda em quase metade dos domicílios dos idosos. O distanciamento social total foi adotado por 30,9% (IC95%: 27,8; 34,1) e 12,2% (IC95%: 10,1; 14,7) não aderiram. Idosos que não trabalhavam antes da pandemia aderiram em maior número às medidas de distanciamento social total. Grande parte apresentou comorbidades associadas ao maior risco de desenvolvimento da forma grave de COVID-19. Sentimentos de solidão, ansiedade e tristeza foram frequentes entre os idosos, especialmente entre as mulheres. A pandemia da COVID-19 aprofundou a desigualdade ao afetar os idosos mais vulneráveis. Estratégias para mitigar a solidão e o distanciamento social devem ser feitas levando-se em conta a vulnerabilidade social e a acentuada diferença entre homens e mulheres quanto à composição domiciliar e às condições socioeconômicas e de trabalho. Recomenda-se o desenvolvimento de pesquisas representativas da população idosa brasileira e que investiguem o impacto da pandemia neste grupo.

El objetivo de este estudio es caracterizar a la población anciana brasileña durante la pandemia de COVID-19, considerando sus condiciones de salud, socioeconómicas, desigualdad de sexo, adhesión al distanciamiento social y sentimiento de tristeza o depresión. Es un estudio transversal realizado con ancianos brasileños que participaron en una encuesta de salud virtual (N = 9.173), con un método de muestra "bola de nieve virtual". Los datos fueron recogidos vía web, mediante un cuestionario autocompletado. Se estimaron las prevalencias, intervalos de confianza y, para verificar la independencia de las estimaciones, se utilizó el test chi-cuadrado de Pearson. Durante la pandemia, hubo una disminución de la renta en casi la mitad de los domicilios de los ancianos. El distanciamiento social total fue adoptado por un 30,9% (IC95%: 27,8; 34,1) y 12,2% (IC95%: 10,1; 14,7) no se adhirieron. Los ancianos que no trabajaban antes de la pandemia se adhirieron en mayor número a las medidas de distanciamiento social total. Gran parte presentó comorbilidades asociadas a un mayor riesgo de desarrollo de la forma grave de COVID-19. Sentimientos de soledad, ansiedad y tristeza fueron frecuentes entre los ancianos, especialmente entre las mujeres. La pandemia de COVID-19 profundizó la desigualdad al afectar a los ancianos más vulnerables. Se deben elaborar estrategias para mitigar la soledad y el distanciamiento social, teniéndose en cuenta la vulnerabilidad social y la acentuada diferencia entre hombres y mujeres, respecto a la composición domiciliaria y las condiciones socioeconómicas y de trabajo. Se recomienda el desarrollo de investigaciones representativas de la población anciana brasileña, que investiguen el impacto de la pandemia en esta población.

Changes in Brazilians' socioeconomic and health conditions during the COVID-19 pandemic. / Mudanças nas condições socioeconômicas e de saúde dos brasileiros durante a pandemia de COVID-19.

OBJECTIVE: To describe changes in socioeconomic and health conditions of Brazilians during the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODOLOGY: Cross-sectional study with data from a web-based behavioral survey carried out from April 24 to May 24, 2020, with 45,161 participants recruited by the chain sampling method. A descriptive analysis of the survey topics was performed: adherence to social restriction measures, diagnosis of the new coronavirus, work situation and income, difficulties in routine activities, presence of comorbidities, psychological issues, and access to health services. Prevalence and respective 95% confidence intervals were estimated. RESULTS: Approximately 74% of Brazilians adhered to social restrictions. As for flu symptoms, 28.1% reported having at least one flu symptom, but only 5.9% underwent testing for COVID-19. Regarding the socioeconomic impact, 55.1% reported a decrease in family income, and 7.0% were left without any income; 25.8% of the people lost their jobs, with the group of informal workers being the most affected (50.6%). As for health conditions, 29.4% reported worsening of health status; 45%, having sleep problems; 40% frequently presented feelings of sadness, and 52.5%, of anxiety; 21.7% sought health care, and, among them, 13.9% did not get care. CONCLUSION: The findings show the importance of controlling the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil, to mitigate the adverse effects on the socioeconomic and health conditions related to social restriction measures.

OBJETIVO: Descrever as mudanças nas condições socioeconômicas e de saúde dos brasileiros durante a pandemia de COVID-19. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal com dados de pesquisa de comportamentos realizada pela internet de 24 de abril a 24 de maio de 2020 com 45.161 participantes recrutados por amostragem em cadeia. Foi feita uma análise descritiva de temas abordados na pesquisa: adesão às medidas de restrição social, diagnóstico do novo coronavírus, situação de trabalho e rendimentos, dificuldades nas atividades de rotina, presença de comorbidades, estado de ânimo e acesso aos serviços de saúde. Foram estimados as prevalências e os intervalos de 95% de confiança. RESULTADOS: Aproximadamente 75% dos brasileiros aderiram à restrição social. Quanto aos sintomas de gripe, 28,1% relatou ter apresentado algum sintoma, mas apenas 5,9% realizou teste para COVID-19. Em relação à situação socioeconômica, 55,1% relatou diminuição do rendimento familiar, e 7% ficou sem rendimento; 25,8% dos indivíduos ficaram sem trabalhar, sendo o grupo de trabalhadores informais o mais afetado (50,6%). Quanto às condições de saúde, 29,4% avaliou que a sua saúde piorou; 45% teve problemas no sono, 40% apresentou, frequentemente, sentimento de tristeza e 52,5% de ansiedade/nervosismo; 21,7% procurou serviço de saúde e, entre estes, 13,9% não conseguiu atendimento. CONCLUSÃO: Os achados mostram a importância do controle da pandemia de COVID-19 no Brasil, para mitigar os efeitos adversos na situação socioeconômica e nas condições de saúde relacionados às medidas de restrição social.

Web Data Mining: Validity of Data from Google Earth for Food Retail Evaluation.

To overcome the challenge of obtaining accurate data on community food retail, we developed an innovative tool to automatically capture food retail data from Google Earth (GE). The proposed method is relevant to non-commercial use or scholarly purposes. We aimed to test the validity of web sources data for the assessment of community food retail environment by comparison to ground-truth observations (gold standard). A secondary aim was to test whether validity differs by type of food outlet and socioeconomic status (SES). The study area included a sample of 300 census tracts stratified by SES in two of the largest cities in Brazil, Rio de Janeiro and Belo Horizonte. The GE web service was used to develop a tool for automatic acquisition of food retail data through the generation of a regular grid of points. To test its validity, this data was compared with the ground-truth data. Compared to the 856 outlets identified in 285 census tracts by the ground-truth method, the GE interface identified 731 outlets. In both cities, the GE interface scored moderate to excellent compared to the ground-truth data across all of the validity measures: sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value and accuracy (ranging from 66.3 to 100%). The validity did not differ by SES strata. Supermarkets, convenience stores and restaurants yielded better results than other store types. To our knowledge, this research is the first to investigate using GE as a tool to capture community food retail data. Our results suggest that the GE interface could be used to measure the community food environment. Validity was satisfactory for different SES areas and types of outlets.

Idosos no contexto da pandemia da COVID-19 no Brasil: efeitos nas condições de saúde, renda e trabalho / Ancianos en el contexto de la pandemia de COVID-19 en Brasil: efectos en las condiciones de salud, renta y trabajo / Older adults in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil: effects on health, income and work

Resumo: O presente estudo tem o objetivo de caracterizar a população idosa brasileira durante a pandemia de COVID-19, considerando suas condições de saúde, socioeconômicas, desigualdade de sexo, adesão ao distanciamento social e sentimento de tristeza ou depressão. Estudo transversal realizado com idosos brasileiros que participaram de um inquérito de saúde (N = 9.173), com método de amostragem "bola de neve virtual". Os dados foram coletados via web, por meio de questionário autopreenchido. Foram estimadas prevalências, intervalos de confiança e, para verificar a independência das estimativas, utilizou-se o teste qui-quadrado de Pearson. Durante a pandemia, houve diminuição da renda em quase metade dos domicílios dos idosos. O distanciamento social total foi adotado por 30,9% (IC95%: 27,8; 34,1) e 12,2% (IC95%: 10,1; 14,7) não aderiram. Idosos que não trabalhavam antes da pandemia aderiram em maior número às medidas de distanciamento social total. Grande parte apresentou comorbidades associadas ao maior risco de desenvolvimento da forma grave de COVID-19. Sentimentos de solidão, ansiedade e tristeza foram frequentes entre os idosos, especialmente entre as mulheres. A pandemia da COVID-19 aprofundou a desigualdade ao afetar os idosos mais vulneráveis. Estratégias para mitigar a solidão e o distanciamento social devem ser feitas levando-se em conta a vulnerabilidade social e a acentuada diferença entre homens e mulheres quanto à composição domiciliar e às condições socioeconômicas e de trabalho. Recomenda-se o desenvolvimento de pesquisas representativas da população idosa brasileira e que investiguem o impacto da pandemia neste grupo.

Resumen: El objetivo de este estudio es caracterizar a la población anciana brasileña durante la pandemia de COVID-19, considerando sus condiciones de salud, socioeconómicas, desigualdad de sexo, adhesión al distanciamiento social y sentimiento de tristeza o depresión. Es un estudio transversal realizado con ancianos brasileños que participaron en una encuesta de salud virtual (N = 9.173), con un método de muestra "bola de nieve virtual". Los datos fueron recogidos vía web, mediante un cuestionario autocompletado. Se estimaron las prevalencias, intervalos de confianza y, para verificar la independencia de las estimaciones, se utilizó el test chi-cuadrado de Pearson. Durante la pandemia, hubo una disminución de la renta en casi la mitad de los domicilios de los ancianos. El distanciamiento social total fue adoptado por un 30,9% (IC95%: 27,8; 34,1) y 12,2% (IC95%: 10,1; 14,7) no se adhirieron. Los ancianos que no trabajaban antes de la pandemia se adhirieron en mayor número a las medidas de distanciamiento social total. Gran parte presentó comorbilidades asociadas a un mayor riesgo de desarrollo de la forma grave de COVID-19. Sentimientos de soledad, ansiedad y tristeza fueron frecuentes entre los ancianos, especialmente entre las mujeres. La pandemia de COVID-19 profundizó la desigualdad al afectar a los ancianos más vulnerables. Se deben elaborar estrategias para mitigar la soledad y el distanciamiento social, teniéndose en cuenta la vulnerabilidad social y la acentuada diferencia entre hombres y mujeres, respecto a la composición domiciliaria y las condiciones socioeconómicas y de trabajo. Se recomienda el desarrollo de investigaciones representativas de la población anciana brasileña, que investiguen el impacto de la pandemia en esta población.

Abstract: The goal of this study is to characterize the population of older adults in Brazil during the COVID-19 pandemic with regard to health, socioeconomic conditions, gender inequality, adherence to social distancing and feelings of sadness or depression. It is a cross-sectional study carried out with Brazilian older adults who responded to an online health survey (N = 9,173), using a "virtual snowball" sampling method. Data were collected online via a self-administered questionnaire. Prevalence and confidence interval estimates were performed and verified for independence using Pearson's chi-square test. During the pandemic there was a fall in household income among almost half of older adults. Extreme social distancing was practiced by 30.9% (95%CI: 27.8; 34.1) and 12.2% (95%CI: 10.1; 14.7) did not adhere to it. Older adults who were not working before the pandemic adhered in greater numbers to extreme social distancing measures. Most of them presented comorbidities associated with a higher risk of developing the severe form of COVID-19. Feelings of loneliness, distress and sadness were frequent among older adults, especially women. The COVID-19 pandemic widened the inequality gap by affecting the most vulnerable older people. Strategies to mitigate loneliness and social distancing should consider social vulnerability and the marked difference between men and women in terms of household composition and socioeconomic and working conditions. The development of representative surveys of Brazilian older adults is recommended, investigating the impact of the pandemic on this population.

Factors affecting Brazilians' self-rated health during the COVID-19 pandemic / Fatores que afetam a autopercepção de saúde dos brasileiros durante a pandemia da COVID-19 / Factores que afectan la salud autoevaluada de los brasileños durante la pandemia de COVID-19

Abstract: This is a cross-sectional study investigating the factors affecting brazilians' self-rated health during the COVID-19 pandemic, based on data from the web-based behavior survey. Carried out from April 24 to May 24, 2020, the survey recruited participants by a chain sampling procedure. Its outcome was the worsening of self-rated health during the pandemic. Statistical analysis was based on a hierarchical model of determination. Logistic regression models were used to test the associations between sociodemographic characteristics, pre-existing health conditions, lifestyle indicators and intensity of social restraint measures, and biological and psychological issues during the pandemic. From the total sample of 45,161 participants, 29.4% reported worsening of health state during this period. After adjusting for hierarchical distal factors, the health problems mostly associated with worsening health state were: bad self-rated health (adjusted OR = 4.35, p < 0.001), health care seeking for mental health problem (adjusted OR = 3.95, p < 0.001), and for COVID-19 (adjusted OR = 3.60, p < 0.001). People who experienced sleep problems, worsening of back pain, depression and at least one flu symptom during the pandemic were twice as likely to report worsening of health status. Sedentary and eating behaviors and adherence to social distancing measures showed significant correlation with the outcome. There exists a relation between social, biological, and psychological factors, mediated by lifestyles and variables pertaining to confinement. Altogether, these factors have negatively affected self-rated health during the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil.

Resumo: O estudo transversal investigou fatores que afetam a autopercepção de saúde dos brasileiros durante pandemia da COVID-19, com base em dados de um inquérito comportamental eletrônico. Realizado entre 24 de abril e 24 de maio de 2020, o estudo recrutou participantes através de um procedimento de amostragem em cadeia. A variável de desfecho era a piora na autopercepção de saúde durante a pandemia. A análise estatística usou um modelo hierárquico de determinação. Foram utilizados modelos de regressão logística para testar as associações entre características sociodemográficas, doenças preexistentes, indicadores de estilo de vida e intensidade de medidas de distanciamento social, e aspectos biológicos e psicológicos durante a pandemia. Na amostra total de 45.161 participantes, 29,4% relataram piora do estado de saúde durante a pandemia. Após ajustar para fatores hierárquicos distais, os problemas de saúde mais associados à piora do estado de saúde foram: autopercepção de saúde ruim (OR ajustado = 4,35, p < 0,001): e procura de assistência devido a problemas de saúde mental (OR ajustado = 3,95, p < 0,001) e para COVID-19 (OR ajustado = 3,60, p < 0,001). As pessoas que relataram problemas de sono, piora da dor lombar, depressão e pelo menos um sintoma gripal durante a pandemia apresentavam duas vezes maior probabilidade de relatar piora do estado de saúde. Comportamentos sedentários e alimentares e adesão a medidas de distanciamento social mostraram correlação significativa com o desfecho. Há uma correlação entre fatores sociais, biológicos e psicológicos, mediada por estilos de vida e variáveis relacionadas ao confinamento. Juntos, esses fatores têm afetado negativamente a autopercepção de saúde dos brasileiros durante a pandemia da COVID-19.

Resumen: Se trata de un estudio transversal que investiga los factores que afectan la salud autoevaluada de los brasileños durante la pandemia de COVID-19, basada en datos de una encuesta por internet sobre comportamiento. Se llevó a cabo del 24 de abril al 24 de mayo de 2020, la encuesta reclutó participantes mediante un método de muestreo en cadena. Su resultado fue el empeoramiento de la salud autoevaluada durante la pandemia. El análisis estadístico estuvo basado en un modelo jerárquico de determinación. Los modelos de regresión logística se usaron para probar las asociaciones entre características sociodemográficas, condiciones de salud preexistentes, indicadores de estilo de vida e intensidad de las medidas de distanciamiento social, y problemas biológicos y psicológicos durante la pandemia. De una muestra total de 45.161 participantes, un 29,4% informaron de un empeoramiento del estado de salud durante este periodo. Tras el ajuste por factores jerárquicos distales, los problemas de salud en su mayoría asociados con un empeoramiento del estado de salud fueron: mala salud autoevaluada (OR ajustada = 4,35, p < 0,001), búsqueda de cuidados de salud por problemas mentales (OR ajustada = 3,95, p < 0,001), y en el caso del COVID-19 (OR ajustada = 3,60, p < 0,001). Las personas que sufrieron problemas de sueño, empeoramiento del dolor de espalda, depresión y al menos un síntoma de gripe durante la pandemia tuvieron dos veces más probabilidades de informar de un empeoramiento del estado de salud. Sedentarismo y comportamientos alimenticios, así como la adherencia a las medidas de distanciamiento social mostraron una significativa correlación con el resultado. Existe una relación entre los factores sociales, biológicos, y psicológicos, influenciados por los estilos de vida y variables relacionadas con el confinamiento. En conjunto, estos factores han afectado negativamente la salud autoinformada durante la pandemia de COVID-19 en Brasil.

ConVid - Pesquisa de Comportamentos pela Internet durante a pandemia de COVID-19 no Brasil: concepção e metodologia de aplicação / ConVid - Encuesta de Comportamientos por Internet durante la pandemia de COVID-19 en Brasil: concepción y metodología de aplicación / ConVid - Behavior Survey by the Internet during the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil: conception and application methodology

A ConVid - Pesquisa de Comportamentos foi realizada no Brasil de 24 de abril a 24 de maio de 2020, com o objetivo de investigar as mudanças nos estilos de vida e nas condições de saúde durante a pandemia de COVID-19. Neste artigo, apresentamos a concepção e metodologia da pesquisa. Estudo de corte transversal com a utilização de um questionário pela Internet, com questões validadas em inquéritos de saúde anteriores. O método de amostragem foi o "bola de neve virtual" e foram usados os procedimentos de pós-estratificação. Os resultados relativos às doenças crônicas não transmissíveis e estilos de vida pré-pandemia foram comparados às estimativas da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde de 2013 e da Vigilância de Fatores de Risco e Proteção para Doenças Crônicas por Inquérito Telefônico de 2019. A amostra total foi de 45.161 pessoas. Após a ponderação dos dados, as distribuições amostrais das variáveis demográficas foram semelhantes às populacionais. Apenas as pessoas de baixo nível de instrução foram sub-representadas. A comparação com os resultados anteriores mostrou similaridade na maioria das estimativas: consumo recomendado de frutas e legumes (22,1%), atividade física recomendada (35,2%), fumo de cigarros (12,3%), consumo frequente e abusivo de álcool (6,7%), obesidade (21,2%), prevalências autorreferidas de hipertensão (18,6%), diabetes (7,1%) e doença do coração (4,4%). O inquérito online possibilitou conhecer as condições de saúde da população durante a pandemia. A similaridade dos indicadores com os obtidos em pesquisas tradicionais permitiu validar as estimativas médias. Estudos são necessários para investigar como os efeitos endógenos das redes sociais virtuais podem ser levados em consideração na estimação da variância.

La ConVid - Encuesta de Comportamientos se realizó en Brasil del 24 de abril al 24 de mayo de 2020, con el objetivo de investigar los cambios en los estilos de vida y en las condiciones de salud durante la pandemia de COVID-19. En este artículo, se presenta la concepción y metodología de la encuesta. Estudio de corte transversal, utilizando un cuestionario por Internet, con cuestiones validadas en encuestas de salud anteriores. El método de muestra fue el de "bola de nieve virtual" y se usaron procedimientos de posestratificación. Los resultados relativos a las enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles y estilos de vida prepandemia se compararon con las estimaciones de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud de 2013 y de la Vigilancia de Factores de Riesgo y Protección para Enfermedades Crónicas por Encuesta Telefónica de 2019. La muestra total fue de 45.161 personas. Tras la ponderación de los datos, las distribuciones de la muestra de las variables demográficas fueron semejantes a las poblacionales. Solamente las personas con un bajo nivel de formación estuvieron sub-representadas. La comparación con los resultados anteriores mostró similitud en la mayoría de las estimaciones: consumo recomendado de frutas y legumbres (22,1%), actividad física recomendada (35,2%), tabaco de liar para cigarrillos (12,3%), consumo frecuente y abusivo de alcohol (6,7%), obesidad (21,2%), prevalencias autoinformadas de hipertensión (18,6%), diabetes (7,1%) y enfermedad del corazón (4,4%). La encuesta online posibilitó conocer las condiciones de salud de la población durante la pandemia. La similitud de los indicadores con los obtenidos en investigaciones tradicionales permitió validar las estimaciones medias. Se necesitan estudios para investigar cómo los efectos endógenos de las redes sociales virtuales pueden ser tenidos en consideración en la estimación de la variancia.

The ConVid - Behavior Survey was conducted in Brazil from April 24 to May 24, 2020, aiming to investigate changes in lifestyles and health conditions during the COVID-19 pandemic. In this article, we present the conception and methodology of the research. We used a cross-sectional study using an Internet questionnaire, with questions validated in previous health surveys. The sampling method "virtual snowball" was used, as well as post-stratification procedures. The results related to chronic non-communicable diseases and pre-pandemic lifestyles were compared with estimates from the 2013 Brazilian National Health Survey and 2019 Surveillance of Risk and Protective Factors for Chronic Diseases by Telephone Survey. The total sample was 45,161 people. After data weighing, the sample distributions of demographic variables were similar to population variables. Only people with a low schooling level were underrepresented. The comparison with the previous results showed similarity in most estimates: recommended consumption of fruits and vegetables (22.1%), recommended physical activity (35.2%), tobacco smoking habit (12.3%), frequent and abusive alcohol consumption (6.7%), obesity (21.2%), self-reported prevalence of hypertension (18.6%), diabetes (7.1%), and heart disease (4.4%). The online survey made it possible to know the population's health conditions during the pandemic. The similarity of the indicators with those obtained in traditional research allowed the validation of the mean estimates. Studies are needed to investigate how the endogenous effects of virtual social networks can be considered when estimating variance.

Adherence to physical contact restriction measures and the spread of COVID-19 in Brazil. / Adesão às medidas de restrição de contato físico e disseminação da COVID-19 no Brasil.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the adherence of the population to physical contact restriction measures and the spread of COVID-19 in Brazil. METHODS: This was a web-based health survey carried out from April 24 to May 24 2020 using a chain sampling procedure. Intensity of adherence to physical contact restriction measures was analyzed according to sociodemographic characteristics, using logistic regression models to investigate associations with 'No/little adherence'. RESULTS: Of the 45,161 participants, 74.2% (73.8;74.6%) reported intense adherence to the measures. The group that did not adhere to the measures was characterized by men (31.7%), those aged 30 to 49 (36.4%), those with low education levels (33.0%), those who worked during the pandemic (81.3%), those resident in the North (28.1%) and Midwest (28.5%) regions of the country. In Brazil as a whole, there was a decrease in COVID-19 daily growth rates, from 45.4% to 5.0%. CONCLUSION: A large part of the Brazilian population adhered to physical contact restriction measures, which possibly contributed to decreasing the spread of COVID-19.

The COVID-19 Pandemic and changes in adult Brazilian lifestyles: a cross-sectional study, 2020. / A pandemia da COVID-19 e as mudanças no estilo de vida dos brasileiros adultos: um estudo transversal, 2020.

OBJECTIVE: To describe lifestyle changes with regard to consumption of tobacco and alcohol, food intake and physical activity, in the period of social restriction resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional study conducted in Brazil with data from the ConVid online health behavior survey. The data were collected via an online questionnaire answered by the survey participants. Post-stratification procedures were used to calculate prevalence rates and 95% confidence intervals. RESULTS: 45,161 individuals aged 18 years or more participated. During the period of social restriction participants reported a decrease in practicing physical activity and an increase in time spent using computers or tablets or watching TV, intake of ultra-processed foods, number of cigarettes smoked and alcoholic beverage consumption. Differences were observed according to sex and age group. CONCLUSION: The results indicate a worsening of lifestyles and an increase in health risk behaviors.

Changes of Brazilians' socioeconomic and health conditions during the COVID-19 pandemic / Mudanças nas condições socioeconômicas e de saúde dos brasileiros durante a pandemia de covid-19

Objective: To describe changes in socioeconomic and health conditions of Brazilians during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methodology: Cross-sectional study with data from a web-based behavioral survey data carried out from April 24 to May 24, 2020 with 45,161 participants recruited by chain sampling procedure. A descriptive analysis of the survey topics was performed: adherence to social restriction measures, diagnosis of the new coronavirus, work situation and income, difficulties in routine activities, presence of comorbidities, psychological issues, and access to health services. Prevalence and respective 95% confidence intervals were estimated. Results: Approximately 74% of Brazilians adhered to social restrictions. As for flu symptoms, 28.1% reported having at least one flu symptom, but only 5.9% underwent testing for covid-19. Regarding the socioeconomic impact, 55.1% reported a decrease in family income, and 7.0% were left without income; 25.8% of people lost their jobs, with the group of informal workers being the most affected (50.6%). As for health conditions, 29.4% reported worsening of health status; 45% having sleep problems; 40% frequently presented feelings of sadness and 52.5% of anxiety; 21.7% sought health care, and among them, 13.9% did not get care. Conclusion: The findings show the importance of controlling the covid-19 pandemic in Brazil, to mitigate the adverse effects on the socioeconomic and health conditions related to social restriction measures.

Objetivo: Descrever as mudanças nas condições socioeconômicas e de saúde dos brasileiros durante a pandemia de covid-19. Metodologia: Estudo transversal com dados de pesquisa de comportamentos realizada pela internet de 24 de abril a 24 de maio, 2020 com 45.161 participantes recrutados por amostragem em cadeia. Foi realizada uma análise descritiva de temas abordados na pesquisa: adesão às medidas de restrição social, diagnóstico do novo coronavírus, situação de trabalho e rendimentos, dificuldades nas atividades de rotina, presença de comorbidades, estado de ânimo e acesso aos serviços de saúde. Foram estimadas as prevalências e intervalos de 95% de confiança. Resultados: Aproximadamente 74% dos brasileiros aderiram à restrição social. Quanto aos sintomas de gripe, 28,1% relatou ter apresentado algum sintoma, mas apenas 5,9% realizou teste para covid-19. Em relação à situação socioeconômica, 55,1% relataram diminuição do rendimento familiar, e 7,0% ficaram sem rendimento; 25,8% dos indivíduos ficaram sem trabalhar, sendo o grupo de trabalhadores informais o mais afetado (50,6%). Quanto às condições de saúde, 29,4% avaliaram que a sua saúde piorou; 45% tiveram problemas no sono, 40% apresentou, frequentemente, sentimento de tristeza e 52,5% de ansiedade/nervosismo; 21,7% procurou serviço de saúde, e, entre esses, 13,9% não conseguiu atendimento. Conclusão: Os achados mostram a importância do controle da pandemia de covid-19, no Brasil, para mitigar os efeitos adversos na situação socioeconômica e nas condições de saúde relacionados às medidas de restrição social.

The COVID-19 Pandemic and the changes in the lifestyle of adult Brazilians: a cross-sectional study, 2020 / La pandemia de COVID-19 y los cambios en el estilo de vida de los adultos brasileños: un estudio transversal, 2020 / A pandemia da COVID-19 e as mudanças no estilo de vida dos brasileiros adultos: um estudo transversal, 2020

Objective. To describe the changes in lifestyles, regarding to the consumption of tobacco and alcohol, food intake and physical activity, in the period of social restriction resulting from the pandemic of the disease by the coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19). Methods. This is a cross-sectional study conducted in Brazil with data from the virtual health survey ConVid (Behavior Survey). Changes in lifestyles were analyzed. The data were expressed in relative frequencies and a 95% confidence interval. Results. 45,161 individuals aged 18 years or more participated. During the period of social restriction, a decrease in the practice of physical activity and an increase in time in front of screens, ingestion of ultra-processed foods, the number of cigarettes smoked and the consumption of alcoholic beverages were reported. Differences were observed according to sex and age group. Conclusion. The results indicate a worsening of lifestyles and an increase in health risk behaviors.

Objetivo. Descrever as mudanças nos estilos de vida, quanto ao consumo de tabaco, álcool, alimentação e atividade física, no período de restrição social consequente à pandemia da COVID-19. Métodos. Estudo transversal realizado com dados do inquérito ConVid sobre comportamentos em saúde. Os dados foram coletados por meio de questionário online autopreenchido pelos participantes. Procedimentos de pós-estratificação foram empregados para o cálculo das prevalências e intervalos de confiança de 95%. Resultados. Participaram 45.161 indivíduos com 18 ou mais anos de idade. Durante o período de restrição social, foi relatada diminuição da prática de atividade física e aumento do tempo em frente a telas, da ingestão de alimentos ultraprocessados, do número de cigarros fumados e do consumo de bebidas alcóolicas. Foram observadas diferenças segundo sexo e faixa etária. Conclusão. Os resultados apontam uma piora dos estilos de vida e aumento de comportamentos de risco à saúde.

Report on sadness/depression, nervousness/anxiety and sleep problems in the Brazilian adult population during the COVID-19 pandemic. / Relato de tristeza/depressão, nervosismo/ansiedade e problemas de sono na população adulta brasileira durante a pandemia de COVID-19.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the frequency of sadness, nervousness, and sleep disorders during the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil, identifying the most affected demographic segments. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study using an online questionnaire answered by adults and elderly people to collect information on living conditions, health and health-related behaviors. Prevalence rates and prevalence ratios adjusted for age and sex were estimated. RESULTS: The data on 45,161 Brazilian respondents showed that during the pandemic 40.4% (95%CI 39.0;41.8) frequently felt sad or depressed and 52.6% (95%CI 51.2;54.1) frequently felt anxious or nervous; 43.5% (95%CI 41.8;45.3) reported the onset of sleep problems and 48.0% (95%CI 45.6;50.5) had a prior sleep problem that had become worse. Frequent sadness and nervousness, as well as change in sleep patterns were higher in young adults, women and those with a history of depression. CONCLUSION: The high prevalence found indicates the need to guarantee the provision of services for mental health and quality of sleep that are adapted to the pandemic context.